and continue on until the network mask ends. The bits marking the subnet mask must be consecutive ones. All the bits set to zero mark the corresponding bits in the IP address as part of the host address. When expressed in binary, any bit set to one means the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network address. A subnet mask can also be written in dotted decimal notation and determines where the network part of an IP address ends, and the host portion of the address begins. Subnet masksĪ single IP address identifies both a network, and a unique interface on that network. Once on the correct network, the host part of the address determines which interface the packet gets delivered to. A subnet mask specifies which part of an address is the network part, and which part addresses the specific host.Ī packet with a destination address that is not on the same network as the source address will be forwarded, or routed, to the appropriate network. The first numbers in the address specify the network, while the latter numbers specify the specific host. IPv4 addresses are composed of two parts. An example IPv4 address would look like this:
The binary number is important because that will determine which class of network the IP address belongs to.Īn IPv4 address is typically expressed in dotted-decimal notation, with every eight bits (octet) represented by a number from one to 255, each separated by a dot. An IP address is, as such, generally shown as 4 octets of numbers from 0-255 represented in decimal form instead of binary form.įor example, the address 168.212.226.204 represents the 32-bit binary number 10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100. IPv4 addresses are actually 32-bit binary numbers, consisting of the two subaddresses (identifiers) mentioned above which, respectively, identify the network and the host to the network, with an imaginary boundary separating the two. These protocols include TCP, which is a connection-oriented protocol, and UDP, which is a connectionless protocol. Error correction is handled by upper level protocols instead. IP is a connectionless protocol that is datagram-oriented., so each packet must contain the source IP address, destination IP address, and other data in the header to be successfully delivered.Ĭombined, these factors make IP an unreliable, best effort delivery protocol. This means that IP must work without a central directory or monitor, and that it cannot rely upon specific links or nodes existing. IP is designed to work over a dynamic network. IP is traditionally used in conjunction with a higher-level protocol, most notably TCP. In the OSI model, IP would be considered part of the network layer. The Internet Protocol (IP) is part of the Internet layer of the Internet protocol suite. IP stands for Internet Protocol and describes a set of standards and requirements for creating and transmitting data packets, or datagrams, across networks.
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